Grape Weight Research Articles

Results of grapes storage studies

The article presents the main results on the influence of grapes on the human body, the influence of various drugs on the quality of grape storage and the where grapes are grown. The research methods, results of storage and their analysis of Rizamat and Khusaini grape varieties collected in private farms of the Akdarya region are presented. The main indicators are determined (average weight of a bunch, weight of berries, ridges, skins and number of berries), weight loss, scree, waste and general losses after three months of storage in special storage facilities are also determined. The research results showed that the Husaini grape variety has a bunch weight higher than that of the Rizamat variety by 6.8%. For high-quality storage of grapes at home, the refrigerator temperature should be within 0±1°C and air humidity 90-93%. In addition, the use of SO2 during storage affects the natural loss of weight and fall of grapes. Storing grapes grown at home is relevant today, but requires further research.

Postharvest wine grape dehydration: ethanol dissipation from grape and biochemical changes.

During postharvest dehydration, grapes are subject to metabolic changes including ethanol anabolism and catabolism. These changes affect the quality of the final product and ethanol production is a key step. Ethanol dissipation has never been measured during postharvest wine grape dehydration. Thus, the present study aimed to: (i) monitor ethanol dissipation and (ii) investigate chemical-biochemical changes in berries during dehydration. Ethanol dissipation from Raboso grapes, under controlled postharvest dehydration, was found to comprise up to 36% of weight loss (w.l.). Moreover, the activity of enzymes involved in the anaerobic metabolism of grapes was investigated. Ethanol dissipation was highly correlated with grape weight loss (r2  = 0.989). Alcohol dehydrogenase activity, responsible for the reduction of ethanol to acetaldehyde, declined significantly with w.l. Similarly, pyruvate decarboxylase and lactate dehydrogenase reduced their activity. High lipoxygenase activity was measured at 27% w.l., whereas polyphenol oxidation was constant and declined in the last sampling. Ethanol dissipation during postharvest dehydration allows for reducing anaerobic metabolism and promotes oxidative metabolism. The sensor used can be a useful commercial tool for monitoring berry metabolism. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Air speed and plastic crate vent-holes for wine grape quality during postharvest dehydration: commercial and laboratory studies.

Airflow is an important issue to favor postharvest dehydration keeping wine grape quality. The aim of this experimental work was to analyze the grape quality during postharvest dehydration: (i) in a commercial facility ('fruttaia') by monitoring the efficiency of the ventilation system and (ii) at laboratory level, studying the influence of crate type and airflow direction. In the fruttaia, the airflow was provided by an air duct hanging from the ceiling, and by floor fans. A great gap in air speed from 0 up to 3.7 m s-1 was measured in different sectors of the fruttaia, leading to a different weight loss and grape quality in crates, depending on crate stack height and sector. At the laboratory level, two tunnels, with exhaust or supply fans, were used and four crate types with different percentages of vent-holes were adopted. A decrease of about 5% delayed the weight loss rate depending on the type of crate, and the exhaust fan guaranteed a faster dehydration. The results clarified the inefficiency of the commercial ventilation system in ensuring homogeneous grape weight loss in all crates. In addition, the exhaust fan guaranteed a more uniform air distribution around crates, and a slightly higher air speed. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Combined effect of harvest time and postharvest dehydration length on the composition of withered grapes for Sforzato di Valtellina DOCG wine production.

Sforzato di Valtellina (Sfursat) is a PDO reinforced red wine produced in Valtellina (northern Italy) from partially withered red grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. Nebbiolo. The present study aimed to evaluate the combined influence of different grape ripeness levels and withering length on the chemical composition, mechanical properties, and phenolic profile of Nebbiolo winegrapes from two Valtellina vineyards. During three consecutive vintages (2019, 2020, and 2021), three different technological binomials have been tested: early harvest/long withering (EL), medium-term harvest/medium-term withering (MM), and late harvest/short withering (LS). At the end of the withering process, EL thesis usually presented the highest values of sugars and acidity. Extractable seed polyphenols showed a decreasing trend by leaving the grapes on the plant longer, and this effect increased considerably after withering with respect to fresh samples. EL and MM evidenced the greater concentration of these compounds expressed on grape weight, particularly for tannins. Instead, skin-extracted total phenolics were less influenced by the harvest time, whereas their concentration increased after withering. The harvest time appears to have a higher impact than the withering length on the final extractable anthocyanin content, although the trend was no stable during the vintages or common for the two vineyards evaluated. EL and MM experienced the highest contents of grape skin tannins in most cases, suggesting that a longer withering increases their concentration. Harvest time and withering length can be modulated according to the desired oenological objective, promoting the valorization of grape potentialities. The choice to harvest the grapes earlier and enhance the withering length should be preferred to obtain wines with higher acidity and phenolic content, more suitable for long-ageing period. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

PERFORMING THE FIRST STAGES OF THE CLONAL SELECTION SCHEME IN VICTORIA AND AUGUSTA TABLE GRAPE VARIETIES

This paper presents the realization of the first stages of the Clonal Selection Scheme and obtaining valuable clonal selections: the selections in the populations of the varieties and the multiplication of clonal elites through the superior qualitative traits regarding the technological potential.ualitative traits regarding the technological potential. From the production plantations, 15 clonal elites from the Victoria and Augusta varieties were selected, cultivars known for the special quality characteristics they have. It was aimed, through the selection activity, to obtain a clonal lite from the respective varieties, a selection that would be superior to the population. Thus, clonal elites were selected, which overcame the varieties to which the clonal selection method was applied, by the weight of grapes and berries.

Effect of dried orange peel on egg production and quality of laying hen

Utilization of agricultural by-products in animal nutrition is a practice as old as the domestication of animals. The dried orange peel (DOP), by-product of citrus industry is a promising source of diversified bioactive ingredients with beneficial effects on health. Therefore, this study was carried out to assess the dietary effect of DOP on production and, internal and external egg quality characteristics of laying hens. A total of 60 layers of 25 weeks of age were segregated into three dietary treatment groups using a completely randomized design and reared up to 42 weeks. The dietary treatments were control (basal diet), 5% DOP (basal diet + 5% DOP), and 10% DOP (basal diet + 10% DOP). The study revealed that dietary DOP significantly decreased the feed consumption and feed conversion ratio of layers (p < 0.05) without having any significant effects on egg production, egg weight and egg mass. None of the exterior egg quality parameters were significantly affected by the dietary supplementation of DOP (p > 0.05). Among interior egg quality attributes, the albumen height, albumen index, yolk color, and Haugh unit were all considerably elevated through supplementation of 10% DOP (p < 0.05). Nevertheless, the yolk index was raised by both 5% and 10% DOP supplementation (p < 0.05).  The relative weight of ovarian grape and oviduct did not affect by the supplementation of DOP with layer diet (p > 0.05). In summary, it may be said that layer diets can be supplemented with DOP up to 10% level to improve FCR, albumen index, yolk index, yolk color and Haugh unit without compromising egg production or exterior egg quality. Further studies are recommended with layer diets supplemented with DOP at levels higher than 10% to determine the ideal DOP dose during other production periods in various layer strains.
 Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science 51 (3): 98-106, 2022

Enrichment of Grapes with Zinc-Efficiency of Foliar Fertilization with ZnSO4 and ZnO and Implications on Winemaking.

Grapes and wine are widely consumed in the world, yet their mineral content can be influenced by many factors such as the mineral composition of soils, viticulture practices and environmental conditions. In this context, considering the importance of Zn in the human physiology, the enrichment of Moscatel and Castelão grapes (white and red variety, respectively) with this nutrient prompted this study; further assessment of tissue deposition and some implications for wine production. Using two foliar fertilizers (ZnO or ZnSO4, at 150, 450 and 900 g ha−1), decreases in net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance occurred in both varieties, suggesting that the physiological threshold of Zn toxicity was reached without visible symptoms. Following foliar spraying with both fertilizers, the content of Zn in leaves of the Castelão and Moscatel varieties showed higher values in all treatments relative to the control. Moreover, in grapes this tendency occurred only in Castelão. Concerning Cu, Fe, Ca, K, S and P, some significant differences also happened in leaves and grapes among treatments. At harvest, the indexes of Zn enrichment in grapes increased between 2.14- and 8.38-fold and between 1.02- and 1.44-fold in Castelão and Moscatel varieties, respectively. Zinc in the dried skin of Castelão only increased with ZnO and ZnSO4 sprayed at 900 g ha−1 (ca. 2.71- and 1.5-fold relative to the control, respectively), but in Moscatel a clear accumulation trend could not be found. The dry weight of grapes ranged (in %) between 16 and 23 (but did not vary significantly among treatments of each variety or in each treatment between varieties), and total soluble solids (e.g., mainly soluble sugars and proteins) and color parameters showed some significant variations. Through winemaking, the contents of Zn increased in both varieties (1.34- and 3.57-fold, in Castelão and Moscatel, respectively) and in all treatments, although non-significantly in Castelão. It is concluded that, to increase the contents of Zn in grapes without reaching the threshold of toxicity, ZnO or ZnSO4 can be used for foliar spraying of Castelão and Moscatel varieties until 900 g ha−1 and that winemaking augments the level of this nutrient.

Nano carbon water retaining fertilizer on soil bacterial community structure and grape growth in grape field

In order to study the application of nano carbon water retaining fertilizer in agricultural production, and to explore the effects of its use on the bacterial community structure of agricultural soil and crop growth, a series of experimental studies were carried out in a grape field. In this paper, the coated slow-release fertilizer with soluble nitrogen particles as the core and nano carbon materials wrapped in the outer layer of nitrogen fertilizer was developed. The grape field used in the experiment was divided into experimental field and control field. The new nano carbon water retaining fertilizer was applied in the experimental field and ordinary nitrogen fertilizer was applied in the control field. Through Illumina Miseq high-throughput sequencing, the diversity and richness of bacterial communities in the original soil without planting and the soil of two groups of grape fields after grape ripening were detected, and the grape leaf area, single fruit weight and horizontal diameter of grape, and the titratable acid content of grape fruit in the two fields were detected and calculated. The results showed that Shannon index and Chao1 index of soil bacterial community diversity in the experimental field were higher than those in the control field; the grape leaf area in the experimental field was larger than that in the control field in the early, middle and late stages of shoot growth, with a difference of 8.56cm2 in the later stage; the single fruit weight and transverse diameter of grape in the experimental field were 1.94 g and 2.72 mm larger than those in the control field at 100 days after flowering, respectively; The difference of titratable acid content in grape fruit was the largest at 70 days after anthesis, which was 0.25% and 0.05% at 100 days after flowering. The results showed that nano carbon water retaining fertilizer had significant effects on soil community structure and grape growth in grape field, which could effectively reduce the influence of planting and fertilization on soil bacterial community diversity and richness, promote the growth of grape leaves and fruits, and improve grape quality.

Secondary metabolites and related genes in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Tempranillo grapes as influenced by ultraviolet radiation and berry development.

The effects of UV radiation on Vitis vinifera cv Tempranillo grapes were studied under field conditions as influenced by ultraviolet (UV) band (UV-A and UV-B), UV-B level (ambient vs enhanced), grape phenological stage (pea-size, veraison, and harvest), grape component (skin, flesh, and seeds), and fraction from which phenolic UV-absorbing compounds (UVACs) were extracted (soluble vs insoluble). Ambient UV-B levels caused stronger effects than ambient UV-A. These effects included increases in flavonol contents (particularly quercetins and kaempferols), the expression of flavonol synthase and chalcone synthase genes (VvFLS4 and VvCHS1), and grape weight and size. In addition, the contents of flavanols and hydroxycinnamic acids increased under UV-B radiation at pea-size stage. All these compounds play physiological roles as antioxidants and UV screens. Synergic effects between UV-B and UV-A were observed. The responses of anthocyanins, stilbenes, and volatile compounds to UV were diffuse or nonexistent. Enhanced UV-B led to rather subtle changes in comparison with ambient UV-B, but differences between both treatments could be demonstrated by multivariate analysis. Pea-size and harvest were the phenological stages where the most significant responses to UV were found, while the skin was the most UV-responsive grape component. Soluble phenolic compounds were much more UV-responsive than insoluble compounds. In conclusion, UV radiation was essential for the induction of specific grape phenolic and volatile compounds. Given the physiological roles of these compounds, as well as their contribution to grape and wine quality, and their potential use as nutraceuticals, our results may have implications on the artificial manipulation of UV radiation.

Identification and Quantification of Valuable Compounds in Red Grape Seeds

Grape seeds are a by-product of the wine industry. They represent 38–52% of grape pomace and about 5% of the weight of grapes. The main objective of this study is to establish some important characteristics of grape seeds from red varieties cultivated in Romania. The analyzed grape varieties were Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot noir, Burgund Mare, Cadarcă, Syrah, Novac. The grape seeds were dried and ground and the following determinations were made: determination of total polyphenol content, antioxidant capacity, antiradical capacity and determination of phenolic compounds. The analyses were performed on the first day after obtaining the grape extract, on the 14th day and the 30th day. The obtained results demonstrate that all the analyzed samples have a high content of polyphenols and show antioxidant and antiradical capacity. The highest values were obtained on the first day after separation, drying, grinding and extraction of the grape seeds and began to decrease almost constantly in time, so that for 30 days from storage the values obtained could ensure good operating yields. The seeds from the Novac grape variety obtained the best results throughout the analysis period. In the case of the total polyphenol content, the average value of the three samples Novac was 394.57 mgGAE/g dry extract and the average value of antioxidant capacity was 284.35 mgAAE/g dry extract. The greatest antiradical capacity was presented by the seeds of the Syrah and Novac varieties. The average value of the three samples from the Syrah variety was 62.1%, and in the case of the Novac variety was 61.33%. The paper demonstrates the opportunity of superior capitalization of seeds from the seven grape varieties cultivated on the territory of Romania due to the characteristics it possesses. At present, there is a major interest of consumers in the most natural products, with a major contribution to increasing the body’s immunity. The use of natural compounds in the food and pharmaceutical industry can be an important alternative.

Применение продуктов переработки винограда в рецептуре булочки к завтраку

The article considers the possibility of using grape seed flour in the recipe of a breakfast bun in the amount of 10 and 15% by weight of wheat flour and grape seed oil instead of margarine. The data of mixograms and Mixolab profilers are presented, which differ in the parameters of the rheological profile and indices. It is determined that the biotechnological properties of the semi-finished product allow you to reduce the duration of the technological process and choose the non-stick method for preparing the dough. It is noted that the experimental sample with a 10% content of grape seed flour in the recipe has a pleasant coffee color of the crumb, a pronounced, harmonious, pleasant aroma, the content of antioxidants increases, which allows us to recommend it for therapeutic and preventive nutrition.

Ultrasound-Assisted Phytochemical Extraction Condition Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology from Perlette Grapes (Vitis vinifera)

In the current study, bioactive compounds of Vitis vinifera (Perlette) were extracted using an ultrasound-assisted extraction technique. The central composite design of response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine the effect of time, temperature, and concentration of acetic acid on response variables that include extract yield, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity of Vitis vinifera extracts. The results of the central composite design of RSM revealed that the quadratic polynomial model is best fitted to experimental results, with all the responses having a regression coefficient greater than 0.9. Optimized extraction levels include 26.5 min, an extraction temperature of 59 °C, and an acetic acid concentration of 62.9% with good extraction yield results of 34.95 g/100 g dry weight (DW) of grapes, TPC 34.38 mg gallic acid equivalent per gram (GAE/g) DW, flavonoid content 10.21 mg quercetin equivalents per gram (QEQ/g) DW, and antioxidant activity of 9.11 mg/100 mL ascorbic acid equivalent. The present study showed that acetic acid can be effectively used for the ultrasound-assisted extraction of polyphenols, flavonoids, and antioxidants of Vitis vinifera. These optimized conditions can be used for the extraction of bioactive compounds that can be for the development of nutraceutical products.

Lactic Acid Bacteria Incorporated into Edible Coatings to Control Fungal Growth and Maintain Postharvest Quality of Grapes

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been shown to prevent the growth and activity of several postharvest pathogen fungi in fruit and vegetables because of their ability to produce antimicrobial metabolites. Edible coatings (ECs) can be used as carriers of LAB and could provide an alternative natural preservation method. The effectiveness of Lactobacillus plantarum against fungal decay on grapes applied together with EC was studied. Different formulations with or without L. plantarum were considered, using pregelatinized potato starch (PS) or sodium caseinate (NaC) as main components of the coating matrices. In some of the formulations, oleic acid (OA) was added as a surfactant. The population dynamics of the bacterium and its ability to control fungal decay were studied together with the assessment of fruit quality. NaC-based formulations improved survival of L. plantarum on fruit surface after 7 days of storage in comparison with a water control. On the other hand, L. plantarum in PS-based formulation without OA reduced Botrytis incidence more than when applied in NaC formulation or in water. Coatings had little effect on berry quality (weight, color, firmness, and soluble solids content) of grapes throughout storage, although some of the coated samples maintained acidity and maturity index during storage better than others. Therefore, LAB applied in ECs could provide a viable biocontrol method for postharvest disease in grapes.

Effect of Chitosan Coatings Enriched with Lauroyl Arginate Ethyl and Montmorillonite on Microbial Growth and Quality Maintenance of Minimally Processed Table Grapes (Vitis vinifera L. Kyoho) During Cold Storage

The effects of lauroyl arginate ethyl (LAE), chitosan (CTS), and CTS-containing montmorillonite and LAE coatings (CML) on the quality maintenance and shelf life of minimally processed grapes stored at 4 °C for 20 days were investigated. Compared with the control, LAE, and pure CTS coatings, the CML coatings effectively decreased grape weight loss, respiration, and decay incidence as well as microorganism counts of total aerobic bacteria, yeasts, molds, and lactic acid bacteria in grapes. The CML coatings also showed better effects on delaying the tissue softening and browning due to the decreased activities of polygalacturonase, pectin methyl esterase, and polyphenol oxidase. CML coatings did not significantly change the content of soluble solids and the titratable acidity or the pH value of grapes, compared with other samples. However, CML coatings ensured higher content of ascorbic acid and sensory quality in grapes. The results confirmed that CML coatings improve microbiological safety and preserve nutritional and sensory quality of minimally processed grapes.

Effects of Three Irrigation Strategies on Gas Exchange Relationships, Plant Water Status, Yield Components and Water Productivity on Grafted Carménère Grapevines.

In the Chilean viticultural industry, Carménère is considered an emblematic cultivar that is cultivated mainly in arid and semi-arid zones. For this reason, it is necessary to use precise irrigation scheduling for improving water use efficiency (WUE), water productivity (WP), yield and wine quality. This study evaluated the effects of three deficit irrigation strategies on gas exchange variables, WUE, WP and yield components in a drip-irrigated Carménère vineyard growing under semi-arid climatic conditions during two consecutive seasons (2011/12 and 2012/13). The irrigation strategies were applied in completely randomized design from fruit set (S) to harvest (H). The first irrigation strategy (T1) involved continuous irrigation at 100% of actual evapotranspiration (ETa) from S to the veraison (V) period and at 80% of ETa from V to H. The second irrigation strategy (T2) involved irrigation at 50% of ETa from S to H and the third one (T3) involved no-irrigation from S to V and at 30% of ETa from V to H. The results indicated that there was a significant non-linear correlation between net CO2 assimilation (AN) and stomatal conductance (gs), which resulted in three zones of water stress (zone I = gs > 0.30 mol H2O m-2s-1; zone II = between 0.06 and 0.30 mol H2O m-2s-1; and zone III = gs < 0.06 mol H2O m-2s-1). The use of less water by T2 and T3 had a significant effect on yield components, with a reduction in the weight and diameter of grapes. A significant increase in WP (7.3 kg m-3) occurred in T3, which resulted in values of WUE that were significantly higher than those from T1 and T2. Also, a significant non-linear relationship between the integral water stress (SIΨ) and WP (R2 = 0.74) was established. The results show that grafted Carménère vines were tolerant to water stress although differences between cultivars/genotypes still need to be evaluated.

Physical and biochemical traits of selected grape varieties cultivated in Tekirdağ, Turkey

This research was performed during the 2014 growing season for determining some physical and biochemical properties of eight different grape varieties, including Red Globe, Michele Palieri, Balbal, Antep Karasi, Alphonse Lavallee, Pembe Gemre, Ozbek, Efes Karasi grown in Tekirdag province of Turkey. In the study, grape length, grape width, grape weight, grape firmness, cluster length, cluster width and cluster weight were measured as physical properties and total soluble solids content, titratable acidity, pH, total phenolic content, total anthocyanin content and total tannin content in the juice of grape varieties were evaluated as the biochemical properties. The study results shown that grape weight means varied from 3.3 (Pembe Gemre variety) to 12.9 g (Red Globe variety), cluster weight ranged from 232 (Balbal variety) to 863.2 g (Red Globe variety) and grape firmness changed from 367.5 (Efes Karasi variety) to 855 g mm–1 (Michele Palieri variety). Research data demonstrated that biochemical properties of grape varieties varied highly among the grape varieties. Total phenolic content means were between 103.62 (Balbal variety) and 314.55 mg GAE 100 g–1 (Alphonse Lavallee variety), total anthocyanin content means were between 19.92 (Ozbek variety) and 91.22 mg 100 g–1 (Efes Karasi variety) and total tannin content means were between 10.62 (Balbal variety) and 62 mg 100 g–1 (Alphonse Lavallee variety).

Water stress integral as indicator of grape quality and yield parameters in a ‘Carménère’ vineyard with regulated deficit irrigation

Water management and improving of water use efficiency (WUE) are very important issues on vineyards grown in semi-arid conditions. Stem water potential (Ψstem) is one of the most common tools to evaluate the water status in vineyards. However, some researchers have indicated that the water stress integral (SIΨ) could be a better parameter for explaining yield and quality long-term responses of vines to water deficit. Thus, the aim of this work was to study the performance of SIΨ as indicator of yield and quality parameter. In this regard, a completely randomized assay with four water application treatments (T0 = no water stress; T1 = mild water stress, T2 = moderate water stress and T3 = severe water stress) was weekly monitored from fruit set to harvest. SIΨ was calculated using the Ψstem measured at midday during 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 growing season. Yield (grape weight, grape diameter and number of grapes per cluster) and quality parameters (solids soluble °Brix (SS), total polyphenols index (TPI), and pH) were measured at harvest. Higher coefficient of determination were found between SIΨ and SS (r2=0.7). For other significant relationships, values of r2 fluctuated around 0.4. No significant relationships were found for yield parameters and pH (r2<0.3). Based on these results for both seasons, we concluded that SIΨ calculated from fruit set to harvest could be a good indicator of the soluble solids (°Brix) in vineyards 'Carmenere'.

Assessment of the Lebanese grapevine germplasm reveals a substantial diversity and a high potential for selection

Lebanon is illustrious for the cultivation of grapevine since the old antiquity. Grapevine is well adapted to the agroclimatic conditions of the country which makes it one of the major element of the Lebanese agriculture. Nevertheless germplasm assessment has attributed limited interest to grapevine while genetic resources have not been exploited before despite their potential in adaptation to environmental changes. In this study we assess the diversity of traditional grapevine accessions growing in different production areas in Lebanon. A total of 35 accessions belonging to 22 vernacular names were evaluated using 33 leaf and fruit traits previously developed by OIV. An important variability was revealed among the accessions studied based on grape and grain characteristics. The most discriminant traits were grape and grain weight, dimensions, form, and skin color; leaf size, form, color, lobes number, depth of petiole sinus. Hierarchical clustering analysis showed five main clusters, each regrouping accessions of different named varieties and different agro-climatic areas. An intra-varietal variability is also suspected. Although preliminary, our results indicate a potential of genetic diversity within the Lebanese grape germplasm that should be further investigated in order to understand their performance and to evaluate them in selection programs.

Selection advance and environmental variance in clonal selection of the wine grape variety Kovidinka

The wine grape variety Kovidinka has been cultivated in Hungary for centuries. Clones were obtained using the 4-step method of NeMETH and some clones showed considerable selection advance. The performance of 2nd vegetative progenies of the selected clones were evaluated over 7 years (1981-1988) based on the following characters: growth vigour of the stock           tendril atrophy fertility of buds                           millerandage grape yield                                 berry rot mean grape weight                      sugar and acid content of the must Mathematical evaluations of the characters can give useful information as to the performance of the clone stocks. In the years of the study, large environmental variation was observed in the tested characters. At the same time, the slight environmental variation found in some individuals indicated their genetic stability. They will be selected and propagated as sub-clones in the future.

A Preliminary Discrimination of Cluster Disqualified Shape for Table Grape by Mono-Camera Multi-Perspective Simultaneously Imaging Approach

Sorting table grape based on external indices of cluster can not only assure consumer satisfaction but also enhance the industry’s competitiveness and profitability. This paper proposed a method of synchronously imaging from different perspectives to present the whole surface of “kyoho” table grape with the front-surface reflective mirrors. A preliminary grade was conducted to distinguish the disqualified cluster by multi-perspective imaging method using the mirrors and mono-camera. A grape image with three bunches in every 120° perspective was simultaneously imaged by once acquisition of mono-camera, and meanwhile, the weight of grape was weighed by a weighing senor. After series of image process stages, the grape bunches of one actual and two virtual regions were segmented out and the size of virtual regions was affined to the size of the actual region. The compactness of grape cluster was estimated by the deviating percentage between the sensing weight and the fitting weight which was regressed with the average area by exponential function. The ratio of contour curve’s width was extracted from the bunch region and was used to classify the disqualified shoulder pole of grape shape. Finally, the disqualified shape of table grape was classified by the weight, region size, compactness, and ratio and got a 95.5 % correct rate. Results show this preliminary grade is feasible to inspect the disqualified cluster shape of table grape by the multi-perspective simultaneously imaging method.